If you’re running AlmaLinux 9 and need to set up PostgreSQL, you’re in the right place.

In this guide, I’ll walk you through the installation process step by step no stress, just what you need to get it up and running.

Step 1: Update Your System

Before installing anything, let’s make sure your system is up to date. Open a terminal and run:

dnf update & dnf upgrade

This ensures you have the latest security patches and software versions. It’s always a good habit to update before installing new software.

Step 2: Check Available PostgreSQL Versions

AlmaLinux ships with multiple versions of PostgreSQL. To see what’s available, run:

dnf module list postgresql

You’ll get a list of PostgreSQL versions that you can install.

PostgreSQL server 15 and 16 are included in the AppStream components.

So to install PostgreSQL 17 we will need to add the following official repositories:

dnf install -y https://download.postgresql.org/pub/repos/yum/reporpms/EL-9-x86_64/pgdg-redhat-repo-latest.noarch.rpm

Disable the default PostgreSQL module once the repository has been added:

dnf -qy module disable postgresql

Step 3: Install PostgreSQL 17

Now, let’s install the PostgreSQL 17 server and some extra tools:

dnf install postgresql17-server postgresql17-contrib

This will pull in all the necessary packages.

Step 4: Initialize the Database

Before we can use PostgreSQL, we need to initialize the database.

Run this command:

/usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgresql-17-setup initdb

This sets up the default database files and configurations as well as the main configuration file /var/lib/pgsql/17/data/postgresql.conf.

Step 5: Start and Enable PostgreSQL 17

Now, let’s start the PostgreSQL 17 service and make sure it runs automatically on system boot:

systemctl enable --now postgresql-17

To check if PostgreSQL is running, use:

systemctl status postgresql-17

If everything is working, you should see a message saying PostgreSQL is “active (running).”

● postgresql-17.service - PostgreSQL 17 database server
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service; enabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running)
       Docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/static/
    Process: 104278 ExecStartPre=/usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgresql-17-check-db-dir ${PGDATA} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 104283 (postgres)
      Tasks: 7 (limit: 14115)
     Memory: 17.7M
        CPU: 659ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql-17.service
             ├─104283 /usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgres -D /var/lib/pgsql/17/data/
             ├─104284 "postgres: logger "
             ├─104285 "postgres: checkpointer "
             ├─104286 "postgres: background writer "
             ├─104288 "postgres: walwriter "
             ├─104289 "postgres: autovacuum launcher "
             └─104290 "postgres: logical replication launcher "

Step 6: Set a Password for the PostgreSQL 17

User By default, PostgreSQL creates a user called postgres. You’ll want to set a password for it.

Switch to the postgres user with:

su postgres

Then, enter the PostgreSQL shell:

psql

Set a new password by running:

ALTER USER postgres WITH PASSWORD 'your_secure_password';

Replace ‘your_secure_password’ with something strong! Once done, type \q to exit, then exit to return to your regular user.

Step 7: Backup and Restore a Single Database

You can back up and restore a single database using the pg_dump utility.

For example, to back up a single database named db and generate a backup file named db_backup.sql, run the following command:

su - postgres
pg_dump -d db -f db_backup.sql

You can also restore a single database using psql command.

For example, to restore a single database named db from a backup file named db_backup.sql, run the following command:

su - postgres
psql -d db -f db_backup.sql

Step 8: Allow Remote Connections (Optional)

By default, PostgreSQL only allows local connections. If you need remote access, edit the config file:

nano /var/lib/pgsql/17/data/postgresql.conf

Find this line:

#listen_addresses = 'localhost'

Uncomment it and change it to:

listen_addresses = '*'

Then, edit the authentication settings:

nano /var/lib/pgsql/17/data/pg_hba.conf

Add this line at the bottom (replace 192.168.1.0/24 with your network range):

host all all 192.168.1.0/24 md5

Restart PostgreSQL for changes to take effect:

sudo systemctl restart postgresql

Comments and Conclusion

You’re Done! That’s it. You now have PostgreSQL 17 server running on AlmaLinux 9!

You can start creating databases and working with your applications. If you have any issues, check the logs with:

journalctl -u postgresql-17 --no-pager | tail -50

For additional help or useful information, we recommend you to check  the official PostgreSQL 17 documentation.

If you have any questions please leave a comment below.

The post How to Install PostgreSQL 17 on AlmaLinux 9 appeared first on LinuxTuto.

The open-source community edition is free, making it accessible to small businesses and developers. The enterprise edition, on the other hand, offers additional features, services, and support.

Odoo is highly customizable. Businesses can tailor modules to meet their specific needs, create custom workflows, or build entirely new apps using Odoo’s development framework.

In summary, Odoo is a versatile business management software that can streamline operations and provide real-time insights, making it an ideal solution for companies looking to optimize their business processes.

In this tutorial, we will show you how to install Odoo 18 on a Ubuntu 24.04 OS.

Step 1: Update Operating System

Update your Ubuntu 24.04 operating system to make sure all existing packages are up to date:

# apt update && apt upgrade

Then install all the required packages for the Odoo 18 setup on the Ubuntu 24.04 OS.

# apt install python3-minimal python3-dev python3-pip python3-venv python3-setuptools build-essential libzip-dev libxslt1-dev libldap2-dev python3-wheel libsasl2-dev node-less libjpeg-dev xfonts-utils libpq-dev libffi-dev fontconfig git wget

Step 2: Install PostgreSQL

Odoo uses PostgreSQL as a database backend, so you will need to install PostgreSQL on your server.

Follow these steps to install and configure PostgreSQL server:

# apt-get install postgresql

After the successful installation, start the PostgreSQL service and enable it to start after the system reboot:

# systemctl start postgresql
# systemctl enable postgresql

Verify that is active and running on your server:

# systemctl status postgresql

Output
● postgresql.service - PostgreSQL RDBMS
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql.service; enabled; preset: enabled)
     Active: active (exited)
   Main PID: 19754 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
        CPU: 2ms

Now create an Odoo user in PostgreSQL:

# su - postgres -c "createuser -s odoo" 

This will add a new role odoo in the PostgreSQL server.

Step 3: Install Node.js

To install Node.js and npm on your Ubuntu 24.04 OS use the following command:

# apt install nodejs npm

Also, install the following module to enable RTL support:

# npm install -g rtlcss

Step 4: Installation of wkhtmltopdf

To generate PDF reports successfully, wkhtmltopdf is necessary. PDF reports are a crucial component of any organization.

First install the xfonts dependency before installing wkhtmltopdf:

# apt-get install xfonts-75dpi xfonts-base

Now download and install wkhtmltopdf using the following commands:

# wget  http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/universe/w/wkhtmltopdf/wkhtmltopdf_0.12.6-2build2_amd64.deb
# dpkg -i wkhtmltopdf_0.12.6-2build2_amd64.deb

Verify if the wkhtmltopdf installation is successful by checking the version:

# wkhtmltopdf --version
wkhtmltopdf 0.12.6

Step 5: Create an Odoo User

Create a new system user for managing the Odoo processes on the Odoo server.

# adduser --system --group --home=/opt/odoo --shell=/bin/bash odoo

Step 6: Install Odoo 18

Switch to the user that you have created before to avoid encountering issues related to access rights.

# su - odoo

Now, download the Odoo 17 source code from the git repository and install it:

# git clone https://www.github.com/odoo/odoo --depth 1 --branch 18.0 /opt/odoo/odoo

Next run the following command to generate a new Python virtual environment.

# python3 -m venv odoo-env

Activate the virtual environment with the following command:

# source odoo-env/bin/activate

Then install the required Python packages:

(odoo-env) $ pip3 install wheel
(odoo-env) $ pip3 install -r odoo/requirements.txt

After completing the process of installing all requirements to deactivate the virtual environment run the following command:

(odoo-env) $ deactivate

Execute the following command to create a directory for custom addons:

# mkdir /opt/odoo/custom-addons

Next exit from the Odoo user:

# exit

Create an Odoo log directory and provide it the required write permissions.

# mkdir /var/log/odoo18
# chown odoo:odoo /var/log/odoo18

Step 7: Create Odoo Configuration File

Create the Odoo configuration file.

# nano /etc/odoo.conf

Then paste the following configuration into it.

[options]
admin_passwd = Strong_admin_Password
db_host = False
db_port = False
db_user = odoo
db_password = False
logfile = /var/log/odoo18/odoo-server.log
addons_path = /opt/odoo/odoo/addons,/opt/odoo/custom-addons
xmlrpc_port = 8069

Remember to update the value of the “Strong_admin_Password” key above with a more secure password.

Step 8: Create a Systemd Service File

Create a systemd service file to manage the Odoo service:

# nano /etc/systemd/system/odoo.service

Paste the following content into the odoo.service file:

[Unit]
Description=Odoo
Requires=postgresql.service
After=network.target postgresql.service

[Service]
Type=simple
SyslogIdentifier=odoo
PermissionsStartOnly=true
User=odoo
Group=odoo
ExecStart=/opt/odoo/odoo-env/bin/python3 /opt/odoo/odoo/odoo-bin -c /etc/odoo.conf
StandardOutput=journal+console

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Reload system daemon and start the service:

# systemctl daemon-reload
# systemctl start odoo
# systemctl enable odoo

To confirm everything is working normally, check the status of service:

# systemctl status odoo

Output:

● odoo.service - Odoo
     Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/odoo.service; enabled; preset: enabled)
     Active: active (running)
   Main PID: 21764 (python3)
      Tasks: 4 (limit: 2218)
     Memory: 73.3M (peak: 73.5M)
        CPU: 973ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/odoo.service
             └─21764 /opt/odoo/odoo-env/bin/python3 /opt/odoo/odoo/odoo-bin -c /etc/odoo.conf

Step 9: Access Odoo 18 server

Open your web browser and type http://your-IP-address:8069 and you will see the following screen:

Comments and Conclusion

That’s it. You have successfully installed Community version of Odoo 18 on Ubuntu 24.04.

For additional help or useful information, we recommend you to check  the official Odoo 18 documentation.

If you have any questions please leave a comment below.

The post How to Install Odoo 18 on Ubuntu 24.04 appeared first on LinuxTuto.

It is widely used by businesses of various sizes and across different industries to streamline their operations, improve productivity, and manage their business processes more efficiently. Its flexibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness make it a popular choice for organizations seeking comprehensive business management solutions.

In this tutorial, we will show you how to install Odoo 17 on Debian 12 OS.

Step 1: Update Operating System

Update your Debian 12 operating system to make sure all existing packages are up to date:

# apt update && apt upgrade

Then install all the required packages for the Odoo 17 setup on the Debian 12 OS.

# apt install python3 python3-dev python3-pip python3-venv python3-setuptools build-essential libzip-dev libxslt1-dev libldap2-dev python3-wheel libsasl2-dev node-less libjpeg-dev xfonts-75dpi xfonts-base libpq-dev libffi-dev fontconfig git wget nodejs npm

Step 2: Install PostgreSQL

Odoo uses PostgreSQL as a database backend, so you will need to install PostgreSQL on your server.

You can run the following command to install the PostgreSQL server:

# apt-get install postgresql-15

After the successful installation, start the PostgreSQL service and enable it to start after the system reboot:

# systemctl start postgresql
# systemctl enable postgresql

Verify that is active and running on your server:

# systemctl status postgresql

Output
● postgresql.service - PostgreSQL RDBMS
     Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/postgresql.service; enabled; preset: enabled)
     Active: active (exited)
   Main PID: 18666 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
        CPU: 2ms

Now create an Odoo user in PostgreSQL:

# su - postgres -c "createuser -s odoo" 

This will add a new role odoo in the PostgreSQL server.

Step 3: Install Node.js

To install Node.js and npm on your Debian OS use the following command:

# apt install nodejs npm

Also, install the following module to enable RTL support:

# npm install -g rtlcss

Step 4: Installation of wkhtmltox

To generate PDF reports successfully, wkhtmltopdf is necessary. PDF reports are a crucial component of any organization.

First install the xfonts dependency before installing wkhtmltopdf:

# apt-get install xfonts-75dpi xfonts-base

Now download and install wkhtmltopdf using the following commands:

# wget https://github.com/wkhtmltopdf/packaging/releases/download/0.12.6.1-3/wkhtmltox_0.12.6.1-3.bookworm_amd64.deb
# dpkg -i wkhtmltox_0.12.6.1-3.bookworm_amd64.deb

Verify if the wkhtmltopdf installation is successful by checking the version:

# wkhtmltopdf --version
wkhtmltopdf 0.12.6.1 (with patched qt)

Step 5: Create an Odoo User

Create a new system user for managing the Odoo processes on the Odoo server.

# adduser --system --group --home=/opt/odoo --shell=/bin/bash odoo

Step 6: Install Odoo

Switch to the user that you have created before to avoid encountering issues related to access rights.

# su - odoo

Now, download the Odoo 17 source code from the git repository and install it:

# git clone https://www.github.com/odoo/odoo --depth 1 --branch 17.0 /opt/odoo/odoo

Next run the following command to generate a new Python virtual environment.

# python3 -m venv odoo-env

Activate the virtual environment with the following command:

# source odoo-env/bin/activate

Then install the required Python packages:

(odoo-env) $ pip3 install wheel
(odoo-env) $ pip3 install -r odoo/requirements.txt

After completing the process of installing all requirements to deactivate the virtual environment run the following command:

(odoo-env) $ deactivate

Execute the following command to create a directory for custom addons:

# mkdir /opt/odoo/custom-addons

Next exit from the Odoo user:

# exit

Create an Odoo log directory and provide it the required write permissions.

# mkdir /var/log/odoo
# chown odoo:odoo /var/log/odoo

Step 7: Create Odoo Configuration File

Create the Odoo configuration file.

# nano /etc/odoo.conf

Then paste the following configuration into it.

[options]
admin_passwd = Strong_admin_Password
db_host = False
db_port = False
db_user = odoo
db_password = False
logfile = /var/log/odoo/odoo-server.log
addons_path = /opt/odoo/odoo/addons,/opt/odoo/custom-addons
xmlrpc_port = 8069

Remember to update the value of the “Strong_admin_Password” key above with a more secure password.

Step 8: Create a Systemd Service File

Create a systemd service file to manage the Odoo service:

# nano /etc/systemd/system/odoo.service

Paste the following content into the odoo.service file:

[Unit]
Description=Odoo
Requires=postgresql.service
After=network.target postgresql.service

[Service]
Type=simple
SyslogIdentifier=odoo
PermissionsStartOnly=true
User=odoo
Group=odoo
ExecStart=/opt/odoo/odoo-env/bin/python3 /opt/odoo/odoo/odoo-bin -c /etc/odoo.conf
StandardOutput=journal+console

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Reload system daemon and start the service:

# systemctl daemon-reload
# systemctl start odoo
# systemctl enable odoo

To confirm everything is working normally, check the status of service:

# systemctl status odoo

Output:

● odoo.service - Odoo
     Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/odoo.service; enabled; preset: enabled)
     Active: active (running)
   Main PID: 2270 (python3)
      Tasks: 4 (limit: 2273)
     Memory: 110.0M
        CPU: 1.622s
     CGroup: /system.slice/odoo.service
             └─2270 /opt/odoo/odoo-env/bin/python3 /opt/odoo/odoo/odoo-bin -c /etc/odoo.conf

Step 9: Access Odoo server

Open your web browser and type http://your-IP-address:8069 and you will see the following screen:

Fill the required information and then click the “Create Database” button to complete the installation.

After successfully creating the Odoo database, you will be redirected to the login page.

Enter your login credentials and you will be redirected to apps page:

Comments and Conclusion

That’s it. You have successfully installed Odoo 17 on Debian 12. For additional information, you can check the official Odoo 17 documentation.

If you have any questions please leave a comment below.

The post How to Install Odoo 17 on Debian 12 appeared first on LinuxTuto.

Strapi follows a “headless” architecture, which means it separates the content management backend from the frontend presentation, giving developers the freedom to use various technologies and frameworks on the frontend.

In this tutorial, we will show you how to install Strapi on Debian 12 OS.

Step 1: Update Operating System

Update your Debian 12 operating system to make sure all existing packages are up to date:

# apt update && apt upgrade

Step 2: Install Nginx webserver

You can install Nginx via apt package manager by executing the following command.

# apt install nginx

You can start the Nginx service and configure it to run on startup by entering the following commands:

# systemctl start nginx
# systemctl enable nginx

Verify the status of the Nginx service using systemctl status command:

# systemctl status nginx

Output:

● nginx.service - A high performance web server and a reverse proxy server
     Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; preset: enabled)
     Active: active (running)
       Docs: man:nginx(8)
    Process: 627 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t -q -g daemon on; master_process on; (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
    Process: 646 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/nginx -g daemon on; master_process on; (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 655 (nginx)
      Tasks: 2 (limit: 2273)
     Memory: 3.8M
        CPU: 27ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
             ├─655 "nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx -g daemon on; master_process on;"
             └─656 "nginx: worker process"

Step 3: Install Node.js

Strapi is based on Node.js, for that reason, you need to have Node.js installed on your server.

To install Node.js and npm on your Debian OS use the following command:

# apt install nodejs npm

You can verify the Node.js version with the following command:

# node --version

You should see the following output:

v18.13.0

Also, verify the npm version with the following command:

# npm --version

You should get the following output:

9.2.0

Step 4: Install PostgreSQL

Strapi uses PostgreSQL as a database backend, so you will need to install PostgreSQL on your server.

You can run the following command to install the PostgreSQL server:

# apt-get install postgresql-15

After the successful installation, start the PostgreSQL service and enable it to start after the system reboot:

# systemctl start postgresql
# systemctl enable postgresql

Verify that is active and running on your server:

# systemctl status postgresql

Output
● postgresql.service - PostgreSQL RDBMS
     Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/postgresql.service; enabled; preset: enabled)
     Active: active (exited)
   Main PID: 13153 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
        CPU: 1ms

Next, connect to the PostgreSQL shell:

# su postgres
# psql

Then, we create the Strapi database:

postgres=# CREATE DATABASE strapidb; 
postgres=# CREATE USER strapi WITH PASSWORD 'Your-Strong-Password'; 
postgres=# GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE strapidb to strapi; 
postgres=# \q

Return to your root user account.

# exit

Step 5: Create a Strapi Application

Once PostgreSQL and Node.js have been installed, we can proceed to install Strapi.

You can use the npx command line utility to easily create a Strapi app.

# cd /opt
# npx create-strapi-app@latest strapi --no-run

You will see the following output.

Need to install the following packages:
  create-strapi-app@4.12.1
Ok to proceed? (y) y

Proceed with the creation by pressing y.

In the interactive shell, select custom installation then your database client, database name and user name as provisioned.

? Choose your installation type Custom (manual settings)
? Choose your preferred language JavaScript
? Choose your default database client postgres
? Database name: strapidb
? Host: 127.0.0.1
? Port: 5432
? Username: strapi
? Password: ********************
? Enable SSL connection: No

Next, navigate to the strapi directory and build the application with the following command.

# cd strapi
# npm run build

Output:

> strapi@0.1.0 build
> strapi build

Building your admin UI with development configuration...

✔ Webpack
  Compiled successfully in 1.12m

Admin UI built successfully

Then run Strapi in development mode.

# npm run develop

If everything is fine, you will get the following output.

Press the CTRL+C to stop the application.

Step 6: Run Strapi with PM2

In this step we will describe you to how to run Strapi app with PM2 command. PM2 is a Production Process Manager for Node.js applications.

First, install PM2 application by running the following command:

# npm install pm2@latest -g

Now create a pm2 ecosystem file which is where you can setup some environment variables for each pm2 app you want to install and run.

# nano /root/ecosystem.config.js

Paste the following content in the file.

module.exports = {
  apps: [
    {
      name: 'strapi',
      cwd: '/opt/strapi',
      script: 'npm',
      args: 'start',
      env: {
        NODE_ENV: 'production',
        DATABASE_HOST: 'localhost',
        DATABASE_PORT: '5432',
        DATABASE_NAME: 'strapidb',
        DATABASE_USERNAME: 'strapi',
        DATABASE_PASSWORD: 'Your-Strong-Password'
      },
    },
  ]
};

Note: /opt/strapi is the path to your project, you are required to replace this with your own path before you proceed.

Once modified, save the file then start the app in the background with the command:

# pm2 start /root/ecosystem.config.js

You can see that the status of the app is set to online.

# pm2 list

To allow the app to start automatically on boot, use the command:

# pm2 startup -u root

Save the process:

# pm2 save

Your Strapi service is now running in the background in production mode.

Step 7: Configure Nginx for Strapi

Create a new Nginx virtual host configuration file.

# nano /etc/nginx/conf.d/strapi.conf

Add the following configurations:

upstream strapi {
server 127.0.0.1:1337;
}

server {

listen 80;
server_name your-domain.com www.your-domain.com;

location / {
        proxy_pass http://strapi;
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Server $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
        proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
        proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
        proxy_set_header Connection "Upgrade";
        proxy_pass_request_headers on;
      }
}

Save and close the file, then edit the Nginx main configuration file.

# nano /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

Add the following line after the line http{: but before the line include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;.

server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;

Save the file, then verify the Nginx configuration.

# /usr/sbin/nginx -t

You should see the following output:

nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful

Restart the Nginx service to implement the changes.

# systemctl restart nginx

Step 8: Access Strapi Web Interface

Now, open your web browser and access the Strapi web UI using the URL http://your-domain.com/admin. You should see the Strapi default page:

Then click on the Let’s start button. You should see the Strapi dashboard:

Comments and Conclusion

Congratulations. You have learned how to install Strapi on Debian 12 OS. You can now create your own application easily using Strapi.

For additional help or useful information, we recommend you to check  the official Strapi documentation.

The post How to Install Strapi with Nginx on Debian 12 appeared first on LinuxTuto.

In this guide we are going to install PostgreSQL 15 in Debian 11.

1. Update Operating System

Update your Debian 11 operating system to make sure all existing packages are up to date:

# apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

2. Install PostgreSQL 15 using the official repository

PostgreSQL is available in the default Debian repositories but the available versions are not up to date.

To get the latest packages of PostgreSQL, you must add the official repo of PostgreSQL.

First, install all required dependencies by running the following command:

# apt-get install wget sudo curl gnupg2 -y

After installing all the dependencies, create the file repository configuration with the following command:

# sh -c 'echo "deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt $(lsb_release -cs)-pgdg main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list'

Now import the repository signing key by using the following command:

# wget --quiet -O - https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc | sudo apt-key add -

Update your local package index with the following command:

# apt -y update

Now you can run the following command to install the latest version of the PostgreSQL server:

# apt-get install postgresql-15 -y

After the successful installation, start the PostgreSQL service and enable it to start after the system reboot:

# systemctl start postgresql
# systemctl enable postgresql

Verify that is active and running on your server:

# systemctl status postgresql

Output
● postgresql.service - PostgreSQL RDBMS
     Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/postgresql.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
     Active: active (exited)
   Main PID: 7543 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
      Tasks: 0 (limit: 2300)
     Memory: 0B
        CPU: 0
     CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql.service

By default, PostgreSQL listens on port 5432. You can check it with the following command:

# ss -antpl | grep 5432

You will get the PostgreSQL listening port in the following output:

LISTEN 0      244             127.0.0.1:5432       0.0.0.0:*    users:(("postgres",pid=7525,fd=6))
LISTEN 0      244                 [::1]:5432          [::]:*    users:(("postgres",pid=7525,fd=5))

You can also check the version using the following command:

# sudo -u postgres psql -c "SELECT version();"

You will get the version in the following output:

                                                           version
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 PostgreSQL 15.0 (Debian 15.0-1.pgdg110+1) on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 10.2.1-6) 10.2.1 20210110, 64-bit
(1 row)

3. Logging into PostgreSQL

To access your PostgreSQL server, you must log in as a Postgres user. To do this run the following command:

# su postgres

Now you can access your PostgreSQL shell with the following command:

$ psql

In your output you will see:

Output
psql (15.0 (Debian 15.0-1.pgdg110+1))
Type "help" for help.

postgres=#

Once you have accessed the command shell of Postgres, you can now use SQL queries to perform several database-related operations.

To set the Postgres pasword, run the following command:

ALTER USER postgres PASSWORD 'password';

To create a database named test, run the following command:

CREATE DATABASE test;

To list all databases, run the following command:

\l

You should see all databases in the following output:

To switch the database to test, run the following command:

\c test

To create a table (e.g accounts), run the following command:

CREATE TABLE accounts (
	user_id serial PRIMARY KEY,
	username VARCHAR ( 50 ) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
	password VARCHAR ( 50 ) NOT NULL,
	email VARCHAR ( 255 ) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
	created_on TIMESTAMP NOT NULL,
        last_login TIMESTAMP 
);

To list all tables, run the following command:

\dt

You should see all tables in the following output:

          List of relations
 Schema |   Name   | Type  |  Owner
--------+----------+-------+----------
 public | accounts | table | postgres
(1 row)<

To exit from the shell, run the following command:

exit

4. Backup and Restore a Single Database

You can back up and restore a single database using the pg_dump utility.

For example, to back up a single database named test and generate a backup file named test_backup.sql, run the following command:

su - postgres
pg_dump -d test -f test_backup.sql

You can also restore a single database using psql command.

For example, to restore a single database named test from a backup file named test_backup.sql, run the following command:

su - postgres
psql -d test -f test_backup.sql

Comments and Conclusion

At this point, you learn to set up PostgreSQL 15 on Debian 11.  If you need more information, or have any questions, just comment below and we will be glad to assist you!

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